{"id":6490,"date":"2015-04-07T13:04:07","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T05:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/?page_id=6490"},"modified":"2018-06-22T18:06:16","modified_gmt":"2018-06-22T10:06:16","slug":"visual-basic-2015-lesson-17-functions","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-17-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial lesson 16\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-16-understanding-sub-procedures\/\">[Lesson 16]<\/a> &lt;&lt; <a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial \" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-tutorial\/\">[Contents]<\/a> &gt;&gt; <a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial Lesson 18\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-18-working-math-functions\/\">[Lesson 18]<\/a><\/h4>\n<p>In this lesson, we shall learn how to create a Function in Visual Basic 2015. A function is similar to a sub procedure but there is one major difference, a function returns a value whilst a sub procedure does not.In Visual Basic 2015, there are two types of functions, the built-in functions and the functions created by the programmers. We have indeed learned some built-in functions that are used to manipulate strings in Lesson 12. Functions created by the programmer are also known as user-defined functions.<br \/>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block; text-align: center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3033628290023372\" data-ad-slot=\"4768455349\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h4><strong>17.1 Creating User-Defined Functions<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>To create a user- defined function in Visual Basic 2015, you can use the following syntaxes:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Public Function functionName (Argument As dataType,&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.) As dataType<\/strong><br \/>\nor<br \/>\n<strong>Private Function functionName (Argument As dataType,&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.) As dataType<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The keyword Public indicates that the function is applicable to the whole project and the keyword Private indicates that the function is only applicable to a certain module or procedure. Argument is a parameter that can pass a value back to the function.There is no limit to the number of arguments you can put in.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 17.1: BMI Calculator<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>This BMI calculator is a Visual Basic 2015 program that can calculate the body mass index of a person based on his or her body weight in kilogram and the body height in meter. BMI can be calculated using the formula weight\/( height )<sup>2<\/sup>, where weight is measured in kg and height in meter.<\/p>\n<p>If the \u00a0BMI is more than 30, a person is considered obese. You can refer to the following range of BMI values for your weight status.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Underweight = &lt;18.5<\/li>\n<li>Normal weight = 18.5-24.9<\/li>\n<li>Overweight = 25-29.9<\/li>\n<li>Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>The Code<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre style=\"font-size: 110%;\">Public Class Form1\r\n\r\nPrivate Function BMI(Height As Single, weight As Single) As Double\r\nBMI = weight \/ Height ^ 2\r\nEnd Function\r\n\r\nPrivate Sub BtnCal_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles BtnCal.Click\r\n\r\nDim h As Single, w As Single\r\nh = Val(TextBox1.Text)\r\nw = Val(TextBox2.Text)\r\nLblBMI.Text = BMI(h, w)\r\nEnd Sub\r\nEnd Class\r\n<\/pre>\n<h4>The output<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4635\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\" alt=\"vb2013_figure17.1\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block; text-align: center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3033628290023372\" data-ad-slot=\"4768455349\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 Figure 17.1\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Example 17.2: Future Value Calculator<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The concept of future value is related to time value of money. If you deposit your money in a bank as a savings account or a fixed deposit account for a certain period of time, you will earn a certain amount of money based on the compound interest computed periodically, and this amount is added to the principal if you continue to keep the money in the bank. Interest for the following period is computed based on the initial principal plus the interest,\u00a0this amount becomes the new principal. Subsequent interests are computed in the same manner.<\/p>\n<p>For example, let&#8217;s say you deposit $1000 in a bank and the bank is paying you 5% compound interest annually. After the first year, you will earn an interest of $1000&#215;0.05=$50. The\u00a0new principal will be $1000+$1000&#215;0.05=$1000(1+0.05)=$1000(1.05)=$1050.\u00a0After the second year, the\u00a0new principal is $1000(1.05)x1.05=$1000(1.05)2 =$1102.50. This new principal is called the future value.<\/p>\n<p>Following the above calculation, the future value after n years will be<\/p>\n<pre style=\"font-size: 110%;\">FV = PV * (1 + i \/ 100)<sup>n<\/sup><\/pre>\n<p>Where PV represents the present value, FV represents the future value, i is the interest rate and n is the number of periods (Normally months or years).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0The Code<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre style=\"font-size: 110%;\">Public Class Form1\r\nPrivate Function FV(pv As Single, i As Single, n As Integer) As Double\r\nFV = pv * (1 + i \/ 100) ^ n\r\nEnd Function\r\n\r\nPrivate Sub BtnCal_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles BtnCal.Click\r\n\r\nDim FutureVal As Single\r\nDim PresentVal As Single\r\nDim interest As Single\r\nDim period As Integer\r\nPresentVal = TxtPV.Text\r\n\r\ninterest = TxtInt.Text\r\nperiod = TxtN.Text\r\n\r\nFutureVal = FV(PresentVal, interest, period)\r\nLblFV.Text = Format(FutureVal, \"$#,##0.00\")\r\nEnd Sub\r\nEnd Class\r\n<\/pre>\n<p><strong>The Output<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4642\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.2.jpg\" alt=\"vb2013_figure17.2\" width=\"315\" height=\"311\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u00a0Figure 17.2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block; text-align: center;\" data-ad-layout=\"in-article\" data-ad-format=\"fluid\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3033628290023372\" data-ad-slot=\"4768455349\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h4><strong>\u00a017.2 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Functions can be called by value or called by reference. \u00a0By default, the arguments in the function are passed by reference. If arguments are passed by reference, original data will be modified and no longer preserved. On the one hand, if arguments are passed by value, original data will be preserved. The keyword to pass arguments by reference is <strong>ByRef<\/strong> and the keyword to pass arguments by value is <strong>ByVal.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>For example,<\/p>\n<pre style=\"font-size: 110%;\">Private Function FV(ByVal pv As Single, ByRef i As Single, n As Integer) As Double<\/pre>\n<p>The function FV receives pv by value, i by reference and n by reference. Notice that although ByRef is not used to pass n, by default it is passed by reference.<br \/>\n<script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\" style=\"display: block;\" data-ad-format=\"autorelaxed\" data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3033628290023372\" data-ad-slot=\"1492877908\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><br \/>\n<strong>Example 17.2(a)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this example, we created two functions that compute the square root of a number, the first uses the keyword ByRef and the second uses the keyword ByVal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The Code<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre style=\"font-size: 110%;\">Public Class Form1\r\n\r\nPrivate Function sqroot(ByRef x As Single) As Double\r\nx = x ^ 0.5\r\nsqroot = x\r\nEnd Function\r\n\r\nPrivate Function sqroot1(ByVal y As Single) As Double\r\ny = y ^ 0.5\r\nsqroot1 = y\r\nEnd Function\r\n\r\nPrivate Sub Button1_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click\r\nDim u As Single\r\nu = 9\r\nMsgBox(3 * sqroot(u), , \"ByRef\")\r\nMsgBox(\"Value of u is \" &amp; u, , \"ByRef\")\r\n\r\nEnd Sub\r\n\r\nPrivate Sub Button2_Click(sender As Object, e As EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click\r\nDim u As Single\r\nu = 9\r\nMsgBox(3 * sqroot1(u), , \"ByVal\")\r\nMsgBox(\"Value of u is \" &amp; u, , \"ByVal\")\r\nEnd Sub\r\n\r\nEnd Class\r\n<\/pre>\n<h4><strong>The Output<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><strong>Case 1: Passing argument using ByRef<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.3.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4657\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.3.jpg\" alt=\"vb2013_figure17.3\" width=\"161\" height=\"155\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Figure 17.3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Notice that the value of u has been changed to 3<\/p>\n<p><strong>Case 2: Passing argument using ByVal<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.4.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-4658\" src=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.4.jpg\" alt=\"vb2013_figure17.4\" width=\"161\" height=\"155\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<strong>Figure 17.4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Notice that the value of u remains unchanged.<\/p>\n<p><script async src=\"\/\/pagead2.googlesyndication.com\/pagead\/js\/adsbygoogle.js\"><\/script><br \/>\n<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\n     style=\"display:block\"\n     data-ad-format=\"autorelaxed\"\n     data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3033628290023372\"\n     data-ad-slot=\"5090773108\"><\/ins><br \/>\n<script>\n     (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\n<\/script><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial lesson 16\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-16-understanding-sub-procedures\/\">[Lesson 16]<\/a> &lt;&lt; <a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial \" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-tutorial\/\">[Contents]<\/a> &gt;&gt; <a title=\"visual basic 2015 tutorial lesson 18\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-18-working-math-functions\/\">[Lesson 18]<\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[Lesson 16] &lt;&lt; [Contents] &gt;&gt; [Lesson 18] In this lesson, we shall learn how to create a Function in Visual Basic 2015. A function is similar to a sub procedure but there is one major difference, a function returns a value whilst a sub procedure does not.In Visual Basic 2015, there are two types of &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-17-functions\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":23013,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6490","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.0 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions - Learn Visual Basic Programming \u2013 VB.NET, VBA &amp; Classic VB<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This article explains the concept of functions and how to create user-defined functions in Visual Basic 2015\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions - Learn Visual Basic Programming \u2013 VB.NET, VBA &amp; Classic VB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"This article explains the concept of functions and how to create user-defined functions in Visual Basic 2015\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Learn Visual Basic Programming \u2013 VB.NET, VBA &amp; Classic VB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/Vbtutor\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2018-06-22T10:06:16+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@liewvk\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/index.php\/visual-basic-2015-lesson-17-functions\/\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html\",\"name\":\"Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions - Learn Visual Basic Programming \u2013 VB.NET, VBA &amp; Classic VB\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2015-04-07T05:04:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2018-06-22T10:06:16+00:00\",\"description\":\"This article explains the concept of functions and how to create user-defined functions in Visual Basic 2015\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/01\/vb2013_figure17.1.jpg\",\"width\":300,\"height\":300},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/vb2015\/vb2015_lesson17.html#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Visual Basic 2015 Lesson 17: Functions\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.vbtutor.net\/\",\"name\":\"Learn Visual Basic Programming \u2013 VB.NET, VBA &amp; Classic VB\",\"description\":\"Start learning Visual Basic from beginner to advanced. 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