Math and Random Modules

Mathematical functions, constants, and generating random numbers.

The math Module

import math

print(math.pi)           # 3.14159...
print(math.e)            # 2.71828...
print(math.sqrt(25))    # 5.0
print(math.ceil(4.2))  # 5
print(math.floor(4.9)) # 4
print(math.log(100, 10))  # 2.0
print(math.factorial(7))  # 5040
print(math.sin(math.pi/2)) # 1.0

The random Module

import random

print(random.random())          # float in [0.0, 1.0)
print(random.randint(1, 6))    # dice roll (1–6)
print(random.uniform(1.5, 9.5)) # float in range

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
print(random.choice(fruits))     # random item
random.shuffle(fruits)           # shuffle in place
print(random.sample(fruits, 2)) # 2 unique random items

Seeding for Reproducibility

random.seed(42)
print(random.randint(1, 100))  # always same value

Simulating a Coin Toss

results = {"heads": 0, "tails": 0}
for _ in range(1000):
    flip = random.choice(["heads", "tails"])
    results[flip] += 1
print(results)